The Tribune

By Joanne M Pierce,

College of the Holy Cross

(THE CONVERSATION) A recent letter from the Vatican reminded the world's Catholic bishops of a rule mandating the use of wheat gluten for the celebration of the Eucharist, a Christian liturgical service called the Mass by Catholics.

Reactions were immediate. Catholics with celiac disease recounted their experiences in trying to find low-gluten options and even approaching priests before Communion to receive consecrated wine from a separate chalice so there was no chance of cross-contamination. Some narrated how they had even refrained from receiving Communion and decided instead on a "spiritual Communion".

As a specialist in liturgical studies, I was not really surprised. Today in North America there is an intense concern about the nature of bread used for Communion by Catholics - celiac disease, caused by gluten intolerance, affects at least one per cent of the global population.

But while the Catholic Church does allow low-gluten breads, the use of gluten-free recipes has been strictly prohibited.The reasons can be found in historical challenges to Catholic Christian practice.

Roots of Christian

practice

Since 1588, the Vatican Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments has been responsible for clarifying how to uphold longstanding Catholic liturgical traditions.

According to Catholic canon law, only fresh unleavened bread made from pure wheat with no additional ingredients may be used for the celebration of Mass. Gluten is part of what makes wheat actually wheat.

The celebration of the Eucharist, in which the blessing of bread and wine is communally distributed as the body and blood of Christ, is rooted in the gospel traditions of Jesus' Last Supper with his apostles on the night before his crucifixion.

Three of the gospels present Jesus sharing bread and wine with his 12 disciples, stating simply that the bread was his body and the wine his blood, and directing them to repeat this act in his memory.

From Christianity's earliest days, Christian leaders taught that, at Baptism, human beings become living members of the body of Christ through this sacramental incorporation into the Church. These baptised Christians were understood to reaffirm this unity with each other and with Jesus Christ himself in the celebration of the Eucharist and the reception of the consecrated bread and wine - an important spiritual and theological reality for the community.

It is for this reason that ancient Christian authors repeatedly stressed that the bread and wine really became the body and blood of Christ through the priest or the bishop's prayer over the elements of bread and wine.

Early challenges

By the second century, however, radical interpretations of Christianity appeared among the diverse Christian communities.

The most widespread challengers, the Gnostics, insisted that the material world was evil and human spirits needed to free themselves from the prisons of material human bodies in which they had been imprisoned. For most, the idea that the son of God would become incarnate in such a human body was abhorrent.

The Gnostic Gospel of Philip stressed that the real body of Christ was his teaching, and his real blood the vital presence of the Holy Spirit in the community. That led Gnostic Christians to reject the use of bread and wine entirely.

While these were fiercely opposed by early Christian bishops and theologians, there were differing opinions about whether yeast could be used or not, even among faithful Christians. Communities interpreted the Passover setting of Jesus' Last Supper in different ways.

Medieval developments

Over the next thousand years in Western Europe - the complex period of time commonly called the Middle Ages (fifth to 15th century) - a number of shifts in ancient Christian practice took place.

By the early Middle Ages, religious communities (instead of ordinary laypeople) undertook the responsibility of preparing "altar breads" for use at Mass.

In this way, churches could acquire bread for the Mass with real assurance that they were prepared properly. These flattened disks came to be called "hosts," since the Mass was understood to be an offering of Christ's sacrificial death on the cross (the Latin word hostia means "victim").

In terms of the sacrament of the Eucharist, only wheat bread was judged to be valid matter, although some discussion did take place about whether other grains could be mixed in. By the end of the medieval period, critics of the traditional liturgy became more vocal, and western Christianity was divided into two major "camps": the traditional Catholics and a growing cluster of "reformed" church communities known generally as "Protestant" churches.

Moving to 'actual'

bread

Protestant churches in general rejected the Catholic interpretation of the meaning of the Eucharist. Some denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharistic bread and wine, and discarded the Catholic definition of "valid matter."

Over the next few centuries, numerous Protestant denominations were formed, many using the ordinary bread consumed at daily meals in their Eucharistic services.

In response, the Catholic Church condemned Protestant practices and stressed the traditional requirements for these elements even more forcefully. Until the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), specially produced altar breads were exclusively used as hosts.

The post-Vatican II Roman Missal (1970), the liturgical book used for the celebration of Mass, contained the new directive that, if possible, the bread used at Mass look more like actual bread. The ingredients were still limited to wheat flour and water. These "ordinary gluten" altar breads could still be baked at home by lay members of the community.

Contemporary choices

Today, the traditional-style hosts continue to be used in most places, and some of the producers have developed recipes for low-gluten hosts as well. However, for Catholics who suffer severe gluten intolerance today, there still aren't many choices.

It is a sad irony, I believe, that the same measures taken by the Church to safeguard this sacrament from what was understood as heresy now result in denying a small but significant number of Catholics from fully participating in their deepest source of spiritual strength and identity.