The Tribune

BY DENISE MAYCOCK

Tribune Freeport Reporter

dmaycock@tribunemedia.net

HURRICANES and Blue Holes? You may be wondering about the connection. Well, The Bahamas has the greatest concentration of blue holes in the world with “valuable long-term record” of the Atlantic hurricane activity dating back over five centuries.

Now research at Hine’s Hole in The Bahamas is providing significant insight to scientists who study historical tropical cyclone activity.

The new study is based on sediments deposited at the bottom of the blue hole and shows there is a lull in hurricane activity in the 21st century. According to research finding - published In a recent article by J Besl -far more annual hurricanes were experienced in The Bahamas during the pre-industrial era compared with today.

Ms Besl indicated that the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season was the third most active in 171 years of record-keeping, and the 2020 season was even worse that meteorologists went through the list of storm names and needed the Greek alphabet to keep track of the overflow.

“The study shows that the flurry of activity may be something of a lull in the centuries-long record of Atlantic hurricanes,” she wrote.

“The evidence that hurricane activity is at a historical low is hiding on the Caribbean seafloor, tucked away in odd geological features called blue holes. These open pits form in limestone, often above collapsed caverns. Prolonged erosion weathers the edges into an eerily circular shape.”

Blue holes though similar to sinkholes are much grander in scale, according to Besl.

“They can be 300 meters deep, like the Dragon Hole in the South China Sea, or 300 meters wide, like the aptly named Great Blue Hole in Belize. The Bahamas is home to the world’s greatest concentration of blue holes, making it an appealing destination for paleotempestologists—scientists who study historical tropical cyclone activity,” she noted.

Besl pointed out that the seafloor at the base of a blue hole acts like a calendar of past storms.

The sediment at the bottom of the blue hole builds up over time like an ice core or tree ring grows season after season, she explained.

“Natural currents coax a sugary sprinkle of small sand grains into the hole, while violent hurricanes pitch larger grains into the pit. By comparing layers of (both) coarse and fine grains in this sedimentary lasagna, researchers can count how many hurricanes passed nearby.

“What makes a blue hole a valuable long-term record is that once the sediment settles, there’s very little activity in the pit to disturb it.”

Hine’s Hole is a 340-meter-wide hole that penetrates the seafloor in the western Bahamas and offers a prime example of a blue hole hurricane record.

The blue hole sits halfway between Cuba and the Florida Keys and is far from any landform. As a result, it can chronicle weaker storms that blow in from any direction.

Besl indicated that the base of the hole is also low in oxygen, so no animals live there to disrupt the delicate sediment. “A steady surface current shooting over the hole sends two to three centimeters of sand tumbling into Hine’s Hole each year,” she added.

Tyler Winkler, a geologist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts led the study at Hine’s Hole. He indicated that it has the highest sedimentation rate of any blue hole he and his colleagues have seen.

For the new study, they drilled 18 meters into the sediment at the bottom of Hine’s Hole, recovering cores representing the past 540 years of deposition.

Besl reported that after comparing the top layers to the modern hurricane record, the researchers have high confidence that Hine’s Hole recorded every Category 2 or higher hurricane within 75 kilometers.

“Analyzing the cores even further showed that the number of tropical cyclones roiling this corner of the Bahamas is in a historical lull,” she noted.

Wrinker revealed that over the last 170 years, there had been about five hurricanes per century on average, according to the local record from Hine’s Hole.

“But the rate has been almost eight times that in the past,” he said.

According to the research, the area around Hine’s Hole has experienced major swings in storm frequency since 1480.

“The team cross-checked their findings with other Bahamian blue holes, as well as with tree rings and even ship captains’ logs. The study shows that hurricane activity has dipped since the 1860s, shortly after modern record-keeping began. That means every hurricane since Alfred Nobel invented dynamite has occurred during a historically quiet period in the area,” noted Besl.

Sediment cores extracted from blue holes are important, said Hali Kilbourne, a climate researcher at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, not involved in the study. She said the blue holes can provide a glimpse of the preindustrial era.

“That’s something the instrumental records can’t do,” Kilbourne said. As a bonus, the limestone shelf of the Bahamas is rich with blue holes. “They’re in the perfect spot.”

Winkler and his team expect to return to Hine’s Hole to dig even deeper to gain more context for the current lull. It is believed that there is at least 60 meters of accumulation at the bottom of Hine’s Hole, which could illuminate more than 2,000 years of hurricane history.

“That’s why this particular site is so important,” noted Winkler. “There’s nowhere else we’ve encountered yet that has the potential longevity and resolution for storm activity.”

“Hine’s Hole shows that in the pre0industrial era before record-keeping began, the Bahamas experienced far more annual hurricanes than it does now. If that heightened activity returns, even the Greek alphabet may not be enough to keep track of them all,” wrote Besl.